He metala māmā a keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo ka Aluminum (Al) a ʻo ia ke kolu o ka mea nui loa ma ka ʻili o ka Honua, ma hope o ka oxygen a me ka silicon wale nō. Eia naʻe, ma muli o kona hana kemika kiʻekiʻe, ʻaʻole ia e kū maoli ma ke ʻano metala maʻemaʻe. Akā, loaʻa ia i loko o nā hui, ʻo ia hoʻi i loko o ka bauxite ore, kahi hui ʻana o nā oxides alumini hydrated me ka gibbsite (Al(OH)₃), boehmite (AlO(OH)), a me diaspore.
Ke Kaʻina Hana Hoʻomaʻemaʻe ma nā Pae ʻElua
ʻO ka huakaʻi mai ka bauxite maka a ie pili ana ka alumini maʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻeʻelua mau kaʻina hana ʻoihana like ʻole.
ʻO ke kahua mua ka hana Bayer, i hoʻomohala ʻia i ka makahiki 1888. Hoʻohui ʻia ka bauxite i kuʻi ʻia me kahi hopena sodium hydroxide wela ma lalo o ke kaomi, e hoʻoheheʻe ana i nā minelala e lawe ana i ka alumini me ka waiho ʻana i nā mea haumia e like me nā oxides hao a me ka silica ma hope. A laila kānana ʻia ka hopena sodium aluminate e wehe i ke koena lepo ʻulaʻula, lūlū ʻia me nā kristal alumini hydroxide, a calcined ma kahi o 1,100°C e hana i ka alumina keʻokeʻo maʻemaʻe, a i ʻole ka alumini oxide (Al₂O₃). Ma mua o 90% o ka alumina o ka honua i hana ʻia ma o kēia ʻano hana.
ʻO ke kahua ʻelua ka hana ʻo Hall Héroult. Loaʻa iā Alumina kahi kiko heheʻe ma luna o 2,000°C, e hana ana i ka electrolysis pololei i mea kūpono ʻole. Aia ka hopena i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana iā Al₂O₃ i loko o ka cryolite heheʻe (Na₃AlF₆), kahi e hoʻohaʻahaʻa ai i ka mahana hana i kahi o 950 ~ 1,000°C. A laila hoʻouna ʻia kahi au uila ma o ka hui ʻana. Hōʻiliʻili ka alumini heheʻe ma lalo (ka cathode), ʻoiai e hui pū ana ka oxygen me nā anodes kalapona e hana i ka CO₂. ʻO kēia ʻano electrolytic wale nō ke kaʻina hana ʻoihana no ka hana ʻana i ka alumini mua, e loaʻa ana ka metala o 99.5 ~ 99.8% maʻemaʻe.
He aha nā mea i loko o ka Alumini?
ʻO ka alumini maʻemaʻe ponoʻī he mea Al wale nō ia, me ka helu atomika o 13 a me ke kaumaha atomika ma kahi o 26.98 g/mol. Loaʻa i ka alumini maʻemaʻe kalepa (98.8–99.7% Al) nā koena liʻiliʻi o ka hao a me ka silicon ma ke ʻano he haumia kūlohelohe. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka hapa nuiHoʻohana ʻia nā noi ma luna o nā mea hoʻohui alumini, kahi i hoʻohui ʻia ai kekahi mau mea kikoʻī e hana i nā waiwai mechanical kūpono.
No nā noi kūkulu, hoʻohana ka moʻo 6000 (e laʻa, 6061) i ka magnesium a me ka silicon ma ke ʻano he mau mea hoʻohuihui mua, ʻo ia hoʻi 0.8 ~ 1.2% Mg a me 0.400 ~ .8% Si. Hāʻawi kēia mea hoʻohuihui i kahi kaulike maikaʻi loa o ka ikaika waena, ka hiki ke hoʻopili maikaʻi ʻia, a me ka machinability kiʻekiʻe.
No nā koi ikaika kiʻekiʻe, hoʻohui ka moʻo 7000 (e laʻa, 7075) i ka zinc a me ke keleawe ma ke ʻano he mau mea hoʻohuihui nui, me kahi o 5.16 ~ .1% Zn a me 1.2 ~ 2.0% Cu. Hāʻawi ka mahana T6 o 7075 i aneane pālua o ka ikaika tensile o 6061-T6, e lilo ia i mea koho no ka aerospace a me nā ʻāpana kūkulu hana kiʻekiʻe.
Loaʻa pinepine ʻia nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi o ka chromium, manganese, a me ka titanium i nā mea hoʻohuihui kalepa, e pāʻani ana kēlā me kēia i kahi kuleana i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i ka palaoa a me ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka pala. ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka haku mele kikoʻī o kēlā me kēia mea hoʻohuihui he mea nui ia no ke koho ʻana i ka mea kūpono no nā koi mīkini a hana paha.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Mei-13-2026